FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
THIS
BOOK GIVES THE EXPLANATION OF DIFFERENT IMPOTANT PARTS AND TOPICS REGURADING COMPUTERS.
NOW
A DAYS COMPUTERS PLAY KEY ROLL IN OUR SOCITEY THIS BOOK LEARN YOU THE BASIC
COMPONENTS AND IT’S IMPORTANCE.
DON’T
NEGLECT TO LEARN FUNDAMENTAL BASICS OF A COMPUTER BECAUSE OF OUR NEED.
INDEX
S.NO
|
TOPIC
|
1
|
COMPUTER
INTRUDUCTIOIN
|
2
|
CPU
|
3
|
SOFTWARE
|
4
|
SYSTEM SHORT CUTS
|
5
|
OPERATING
SYSTEM AND DOS
|
6
|
HARDWARE AND MOTHERBOARD
EXPLANATION
|
7
|
MICRO SOFT
- OFFICE
|
8
|
INTERNET (GOOGLE),
FACEBOOK, GMAIL, YOUTUBE
|
COMPUTER BASICS
COMPUTER
ABBREVIATION:-
C
– COMMON
O
– ORIENTED
M
– MACHINE
P
– PERTICULARLY
U
– USED FOR
T
– TRADE
E
– EDUCATION AND
R
– RESEARCH
COMPUTER
= It is an electronic device specially used to store the data and rewrite the
data.
DATA
= Data means ‘letter’, ‘picture’, ‘song’ ETC.,,
C.P.U
Key board, mouse, scanner, Touch Screen, Microphone
for voice as input, Track Ball, Light Pen.
monitor,
printer, plotter, speakers.
C.U
= Control unit
A.L.U = Arithmetic and logic unit
M.U = Memory unit
Memory
Unit: Computer is used to store data
and instructions.
1. Primary or main or system
memory.
2. Secondary or user memory.
ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT (ALU): The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
Output:
This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information. The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the
central processing unit (CPU). You may call CPU as the brain of any computer
system.
MEMORY COUNTING:
1 CHARACTER 1 BYTE
1 BYTE 8 BITS.
1024 CHARACTER 1 KILO BYTE (KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE (MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE (GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE (TB)
1024 TB 1 HEXA BYTE (HB)
1024 HB 1 PETA BYTE (PB)
COMPUTER is divided into 2 parts
1. Software
2. Hardware
1.
Software :-
As you are aware, computer cannot do
anything on its own. It is the user who instructs computer; what to do, how to
do and when to do. In order to perform any task, you have to give a set of
instructions in a particular sequence to the computer. These sets of
instructions are called Programs. Software refers to a set of programs that
makes the hardware perform a particular set of tasks in particular order.
Software can be classified mainly into following categories and sub-categories.
Software classification
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: -
When you switch on the computer the
programs stored in ROM are executed which activates different units of your
computer and makes it ready for you to work on it. This set of programs can be
called system software. System softwares are sets of programs, responsible for
running the computer, controlling various operations of computer systems and
management of computer resources. Operating System (OS) falls under this
category.
An
operating system is a system software that provides an interface for a user to
communicate with the computer, manages hardware devices (disk drives, keyboard,
monitor, etc), manages and maintains disk file systems and supports application
programs. Some popular Operating systems are UNIX, Windows and Linux.
Although operating system provides all the
features users need to use and maintain their systems, inevitably, they still
do not meet everyone’s expectations. This has led to another type of system
software called "Utilities". These are programs that bridge the gap
between the functionality of an OS and the needs of users. Utility programs are
a broad category of software such as compress (zip)/un compress (unzip) files
software, antivirus software, split and join files software, etc.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:-
Application software is a set of programs,
which are written to perform specific tasks, for example: An application
package for managing library known as library information system is used to
manage information of library such as: keeping book details, account holder
details, book issue details, book return details etc. Another application
package for managing student details is called student’s information system,
manages student’s roll no, name, parents name, address, class, section,
processing of examination results etc.
Application software can be broadly classified
into two types:
(a) Generalized packages
(b)
Customized packages
GENERALIZED PACKAGES: -
These
are user friendly software written to cater to user’s very general needs such
as preparing documents, drawing pictures, database to manage data/information,
preparing presentations, play games etc.
It is a group of programs that provide general
purpose tools to solve specific problems. Some of the generalized packages are
listed below:
Word Processing Software(for preparing
documents): Word Perfect, MS-Word, OpenOffice.org Writer
Spreadsheets
(Data Analysis): Lotus Smart suites, MSExcel, OpenOffice.org Calc, Apple
Numbers
Presentations
: Presentation Graphics, MS-PowerPoint, OpenOffice.org Impress l Database
Management System: MS-Access, OpenOffice.org Base, MS-SQL Server, ORACLE
Graphics Tools: Paint shop pro, Adobe Photoshop
CUSTOMIZED PACKAGES: -
These are the
applications that are customized (or developed) to meet the specific
requirements of an organization/institution. For Example: Student information
details, Payroll packages, inventory control etc. These packages are developed
using high-level computer language.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES:-
Languages are a
means of communication. Normally people interact with each other through a
language. On the same pattern, communication with computers is carried out
through a language. This language is understood both by user and the machine.
Just as every language like English, Hindi has its grammatical rules; every
computer language is bound by rules known as SYNTAX of that language. The user
is bound by that syntax while communicating with the computer system.
Computer languages are broadly
classified as:
1. LOW
LEVEL LANGUAGE: The term low level means closeness to the way in which
machine understand. The low level languages are:
a. Machine Language: This is the language
(in the form of 0’s and 1’s, called binary numbers) understood directly by the
computer. It is machine dependent. It is difficult to learn and even more
difficult to write programs.
b. Assembly Language: This is the language
where the machine codes comprising of 0’s and 1’s are substituted by symbolic
codes (called mnemonics) to improve their understanding. It is the first step
to improve programming structure. Assembly language programming is simpler and
less time consuming than machine level programming, it is easier to locate and correct
errors in assembly language than in machine language programs. It is also
machine dependent. Programmers must have knowledge of the machine on which the
program will run.
2.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE: You know that
low level language requires extensive knowledge of the hardware since it is
machine dependent. To overcome the limitation, high level language has been
evolved which uses normal English like, easy to understand statements to solve
any problem. Higher level languages are computer independent and programming
becomes quite easy and simple.
VARIOUS HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES ARE
GIVEN BELOW:
BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code): It is widely used, easy to learn general purpose
language. Mainly used in microcomputers
in earlier days.
COBOL
(COMMON BUSINESS ORIENTED LANGUAGE): A standardized language used for
commercial applications.
FORTRAN
(FORMULA TRANSLATION): Developed for solving mathematical and scientific
problems. One of the most popular languages among scientific community.
C: Structured Programming Language used
for all purpose such as scientific application, commercial application,
developing games etc.
C++: Popular object oriented programming
language, used for general purpose.
JAVA: Java is a multi-platform, object-oriented, and network-centric programming language Java is a general-purpose, class-based, object-oriented programming language. Java Platform is a collection of programs that help programmers to develop and run Java applications efficiently.
COMPILER AND ASSEMBLER :
As
you know that High Level language is machine independent and assembly language
though it is machine dependent yet mnemonics that are being used to represent
instructions are not directly understandable by machine. Hence to make the
machine understand the instructions provided by both the languages, Compiler
and Assembler are required to convert these instructions into machine language.
The software
(set of programs) that reads a program written in high level language and
translates it into an equivalent program in machine language is called as
Compiler.
The program written by the programmer in high level
language is called source program and the program generated by the compiler
after translation is called as object program.
SHORT CUT
KEYS
Alt + F
|
File menu options in current
program.
|
Alt + E
|
Edit options in current program
|
Alt + Tab
|
Switch between open programs
|
F1
|
Universal Help in almost every
Windows program.
|
F2
|
Rename a selected file
|
F5
|
Refresh the current program window
|
Ctrl + N
|
Create a new, blank document in
some software programs
|
Ctrl + O
|
Open a file in current software program
|
Ctrl + A
|
Select all text.
|
Ctrl + B
|
Change selected text to be Bold
|
Ctrl + I
|
Change selected text to be in Italics
|
Ctrl + U
|
Change selected text to be
Underlined
|
Ctrl + F
|
Open find window for current
document or window.
|
Ctrl + S
|
Save current document file.
|
Ctrl + X
|
Cut selected item.
|
Shift + Del
|
Cut selected item.
|
Ctrl + C
|
Copy selected item.
|
Ctrl + Ins
|
Copy selected item
|
Ctrl + V
|
|
Shift + Ins
|
Paste
|
Ctrl + K
|
Insert hyperlink for selected text
|
Ctrl + P
|
Print the current page or document.
|
Home
|
Goes to beginning of current line.
|
Ctrl + Home
|
Goes to beginning of document.
|
End
|
Goes to end of current line.
|
Ctrl + End
|
Goes to end of document.
|
Shift + Home
|
Highlights from current position to
beginning of line.
|
Shift + End
|
Highlights from current position to
end of line.
|
Ctrl + Left arrow
|
Moves one word to the left at a
time.
|
Ctrl + Right arrow
|
Moves one word to the right at a
time.
|
Ctrl + Esc
|
Opens the START menu
|
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
|
Opens Windows Task Manager
|
Alt + F4
|
Close the currently active program
|
Alt + Enter
|
Open the Properties for the
selected item (file, folder, shortcut, etc.)
|
SHORT CUT KEYS FOR SPECIAL CHARECTORS
Shortcut
Keys
|
Special
Character
|
Alt + 0224
|
Ã
|
Alt + 0232
|
è
|
Alt + 0236
|
ì
|
Alt + 0242
|
ò
|
Alt + 0241
|
ñ
|
Alt + 0228
|
ä
|
Alt + 0246
|
ö
|
Alt + 0252
|
ü
|
Alt + 0248
|
ø
|
Alt + 0223
|
ß
|
Alt + 0198
|
Æ
|
Alt + 0231
|
ç
|
Alt + 0191
|
¿
|
Alt + 0176
|
° (degree symbol)
|
Alt + 0177
|
± (plus/minus symbol)
|
Alt + 0153
|
™
|
Alt + 0169
|
©
|
Alt + 0174
|
®
|
Alt + 0128
|
€ (Euro currency)
|
Alt + 0162
|
¢ (Cent symbol)
|
Alt + 0163
|
£ (British Pound
currency)
|
Alt + 0165
|
¥ (Japanese Yen
currency)
|
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
Os
means it converts mechanical language to human language and also converts human
language to mechanical language.
EXAMPLES
FOR OPERATING SYSTEM
FOR COMPUTER:
1. Windows(WINDOWS XP, WINDOWS 7, WINDOWS 8.1, WINDOWS 10)
2. Linux
3. Dos
4. Unix
5. Ibm
6. Hp
7. Mac
8. Apple
FOR SMART PHONES:
1. Android
2. Ios
3. Windows
We can
say that operating systems (OS) are 2 types:
1. CUI : - character user interface
EX –
DOS, UNIX
2. GUI : - Graphical user interface
EX
– Windows,
linux, ios, android, Unix, Ibm, Hp, Mac.
DOS: -
Dos means disk operating system.
It is completely command based.
1.
INTERNAL COMMANDS: -
1. CLS 9.
MAKE DIRECTRY (MD)
2. DATE 10. CHANGE DIRECTRY (CD)
3. TIME 11. REMOVE DIRECTRY (RD)
4. VOL 12. PATH , TYPE, DEL
5. VER 13. PROMPT
6. COPY CON 14. PAUSE
7. COPY 15. ECHO
8. REM 16. DIR
2. EXTERNAL
COMMANDS: -
1. VOLUME 8. DOSKEY
2. CHKDSK 9. MEM
3. SCANDISK 10. FIND
4. FORMAT 11. ATTRIB
5. FDISK 12.
SORT, EDIT
6. MORE 13.
XCOPY
7. MOVE 14. SYS
3. HARDWARE
:-
Physical body of computer is
known as hardware.
Examples of hardware:
MOTHER BOARD
Mother
board plays an important role in computer because it gives instruction to the
hole computer if mother board will get damage hole computer will not work,
C.P.U is the heart of the computer but, mother board is the heart of C.P.U
Mother
board is also known as main board
PARTS OF MOTHER BOARD: -
1. PROCESSER SLOT / SOCKET
2. RAM AND RAM SLOTS
3. BIOS / ROM
4. PORTS
5. EXTENSION SLOTS
6. IDE CONNECTOR
7. SATA CONNECTOR
8. CMOS BATTERY
9. JUMMPER SETTINGS
FD CONNECTOR
1 USB AND AUDIO CONNECTORS
MOTHER
BOARDS ARE 2 TYPES:-
1. Intel processor supported
mother board
2. Amd motherboards (advanced
micro devices)
MOTHER BOARD CHIPSET MODELS:-
1. Original motherboard
2. Chipset mother board
Original
motherboard:
It means, the mother board is completely
made by the certain company with only their products this type of mother boards
will be some watt faster than the chipset motherboard the difference of speed
is in micro.
CHIPSET
MOTHER BOARD:
This type
of motherboards are designed with several company products like RAM, PROCESSOR,
FANS..,
AMD MOTHERBOARD :-
HARDWARE
Hardware
is divided as 2 types
1. Chip level hardware
2. Cord level hardware
1.
Chip level hardware : -
Manufacturing of computer parts is called
chip level hardware. chip level trouble
shooting is called chip level hardware.
1.
Cord level hardware : -
Replacement
of any different port is called cord level hardware. (pc hardware)
BOOTING : - It is the time gap from power on – desktop
Post or booting : - (process of booting)
SEARCHING FOR BOOTING FILES
DESKTOP
MS – OFFICE
MAIN TYPES IN MS – OFFICE : -
1. MS – EXCEL
2. MS – POWER POINT
3. MS – WORD
1.
MS – EXCEL :
It is a Spreadsheet developed
by Microsoft for Windows, Mac OS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming
language called Visual
Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms,
especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the
industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.
2.
MS – POWER POINT : -
Microsoft PowerPoint is a slide show presentation program currently developed by Microsoft.
PowerPoint initially named "Presenter", was created by Forethought Inc.. Microsoft's version of PowerPoint was officially launched
on May 22, 1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the
slide-based presentation format, and is currently one of the most commonly used
presentation programs available.
1.
MS – WORD : -
Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It
was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent
versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC(1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989) and SCO Unix (1994).
Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a
component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are Freeware editions of
Word with limited features.
INTERNET USAGE AND BROUSING: -
In internet using main starting
point is GOOGLE
GOOGLE
PAGE:
It
helps to show any type of data we want to use
Specially
we are providing the topics to use internet is
1. Gmail
2. Facebook
3. Youtube
1 2.
GMAIL : -
Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service
provided by Google. Users
may access Gmail as secure webmail as well as via POP3 or IMAP4 protocols. Gmail started as an invitation-only beta release on April 1, 2004 and it became
available to the general public on February 7, 2007, though still in beta
status at that time The service
was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009, along with the rest of the Google Apps suite.
1 3. FACEBOOK : -
Facebook (stylized as Facebook) is a for-profit corporation and online social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. The Facebook website was launched on February 4, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saver in, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes.
1 4.
YOUTUBE : -
YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States.
The service was created
by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment
on videos, and it makes use of Web M, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such
as video blogging, short
original videos, and educational videos.
